分类： bharat

全球最大疫苗生产商印度血清研究所（Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.）将开始生产新型冠状病毒疫苗。将以授权生产方式，在2020年内首先生产4亿剂。新冠疫苗的供给量不足令人担忧，以发达国家为中心，出现“圈占”的趋势。随着具有低成本量产经验的印度企业涉足生产，新兴市场国家也将易于采购疫苗。

 　　

　　要在防止疫情扩大和预防“第2波”疫情发生的同时恢复经济，疫苗将发挥重要作用，因此制药企业和研究机构将加快开发。世界卫生组织（WHO）的统计显示，截至6月29日有17种疫苗推进到以人为对象的临床试验阶段。通过动物确认安全性的临床前阶段为132种。

 　　

　　英国牛津大学等已授权

 　　

　　印度血清研究所将生产的是英国牛津大学和大型制药企业阿斯利康（AstraZeneca）推进临床试验的疫苗。两者力争9月获得政府批准，使疫苗走向实用化。阿斯利康5月宣布将生产10亿剂疫苗，但最近把生产计划翻一番，提高至20亿剂。承担新增10亿剂生产任务的就是印度血清研究所。

对于牛津大学和阿斯利康的疫苗开发，美国最多提供12亿美元，其中至少3亿剂疫苗需供应美国。印度血清研究所与阿斯利康等的合约内容没有公开，但印度血清研究所除了印度本国之外，还将主要向亚洲和非洲等新兴市场国家供给。

   

　　该公司表示，疫苗价格“或为每剂1000卢比（约合人民币92元）左右”。在印度血清研究所的产品中，以肺炎球菌疫苗为例，能以其他厂商66分之1的价格进行供给，新冠疫苗的价格也可能大幅低于阿斯利康自身生产的疫苗。

                                                     

　　印度血清研究所的首席执行官（CEO）阿达尔·波纳瓦拉（Adar Poonawalla）针对新冠疫苗表示，“决定进行60亿卢比规模的设备投资”。需要2～3年时间建设，因此首先将借用印度国内的现有设备启动生产。最初产能为1个月200万～300万剂。将分阶段增加产能，在2020年内生产4亿剂，到2021年底合计生产10亿剂。

 　　

　　医药品通常在确定实用化之后才启动生产。此次由于全球存在希望尽快大量确保疫苗的需求，将在获批之前启动生产。

 　　

　　引人关注的是“数量和速度”

 　　

　　目前还有其他企业决定启动新冠疫苗生产，但印度血清研究所在速度和数量方面显得突出。美国生物医药新创企业Moderna的疫苗也在推进临床试验，承担生产的瑞士龙沙（Lonza）计划生产10亿剂，但没有公布时间。美国辉瑞则表示“2021年达到数亿剂”。

疫苗是向人体注入削弱致病性的病毒或部分灭活病毒，借此形成抵抗力。在量产疫苗时，要大量培养病毒，还要防止病毒泄露到外部，这需要先进的管理技术。严格的品质检查也不可缺少，还需要符合药品制造的严格国际标准，涉足疫苗生产的门槛很高。

  　　

　　按金额计算全球的疫苗市场份额，美国默克和辉瑞等4大企业达到8成。另一方面，印度血清研究所则以低价疫苗为主力，向约170个国家出口白喉、破伤风等3种混合疫苗和卡介苗（BCG Vaccine）等。世卫组织的统计显示，按数量计算全球的疫苗市场规模，达到每年35亿剂（2018年，不含军用和季节性流感等）。印度血清研究所的年产能为15亿剂，被视为全球最大制造商。

Thirteen people were killed and six injured on Tuesday in an explosion at a medical clinic in the north of the Iranian capital Tehran, Fars news agency reported, quoting a state official.

The blast was triggered by a gas leak, Tehran Deputy Governor Hamid Reza Goudarzi told state television.

Ten women and three men died in the explosion, Deputy Health Minister Iraj Harirchi said on the TV.

A video posted on social media appeared to show multiple explosions at the north Tehran site and another showed firefighters using a ladder to access the roof of the building.

Reuters could not independently verify the authenticity of the videos.

A fire touched off by the blast has been extinguished, Jalal Maleki, the Tehran Fire Department spokesman said on state TV.

The clinic, which had 25 employees inside at the time of the blast, primarily carries out light surgeries and medical imaging, Harirchi said.

Last week, an explosion occurred close to a sensitive military site near Tehran which the defence ministry said was caused by a leaking tank at a gas storage facility. No deaths or injuries were reported.

The Union Home Ministry has announced guidelines for Unlock 2.0 and said it has decided to open up more activities outside the containment zones, while maintaining that there shall remain strict enforcement of lockdown in the containment zones.

The new guidelines issued today for Unlock 2.0 will come into effect from July 1. The government said with this, the process of phased re-opening of activities in the country has been further extended.

“The new guidelines are based on feedback received from states and UTs, and extensive consultations held with related central ministries and department,” the government said in a statement.

The central government’s announcement of Unlock 2.0 comes at a time when three of the most affected states–Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal–have announced an extension of the lockdown. The Maharashtra government today issued an order saying lockdown in the state has been extended till July 31.

WHAT WILL BE ALLOWED IN UNLOCK 2.0

1) As per the Unlock 2.0 guidelines issued today, domestic flights and passenger trains will continue to be allowed to operate in the country in a limited manner. The government has said it will further expand their operations in a “calibrated manner”.

2) In Unlock 2.0, the government has said it is further relaxing the timing of night curfew. The new timings for night curfew are: 10 pm to 5 am.

“Further, relaxations in night curfew have been given for seamless operation of industrial units in multiple shifts, movement of persons and goods on national and state highways, loading and unloading of cargo and movement of persons to their destinations after disembarking from buses, trains and airplanes,” the Unlock 2.0 guidelines said.
3) The government has given some relaxations to the number of people that can be present inside a shop at a time. In Unlock 2.0, shops depending upon their area, can have more than five people persons at a time. However, all of them will have to maintain adequate physical distance.

4) Training institutions of the central and state governments will be allowed to function from July 15 onwards. The government said SOP in this regard will be issued by the Department of Personnel and Training.

5) In regards to international air travel, the Unlock 2,0 guidelines say these air travels have been allowed in a limited manner under the Vande Bharat mission. However, further opening up will take place in a calibrated manner.